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10-28-2006, 02:42 PM
#ed_op#div style="text-align: center;"#ed_cl##ed_op#span style="font-size: larger;"#ed_cl##ed_op#b#ed_cl#Rober t Fisk: Mystery of Israel's secret uranium bomb #ed_op#br#ed_cl#Chris Bellamy: An enigma that only the Israelis can fully explain#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed _cl##ed_op#/b#ed_cl##ed_op#/span#ed_cl##ed_op#div style="text-align: justify;"#ed_cl##ed_op#div style="text-align: left;"#ed_cl#Robert Fisk: Mystery of Israel's secret uranium bomb#ed_op#br#ed_cl#Alarm over radioactive legacy left by attack on Lebanon#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed _cl#Published: 28 October 2006#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_cl ##ed_op#a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,thi s)" href="http://news.independent.co.uk/world/fisk/article1935945.ece" target="_blank"#ed_cl#http://news.independent.co.uk#ed_op#wbr#ed _cl#/world/fisk/article1935945.ece#ed_op#/a#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#e d_cl#Did
Israel use a secret new uranium-based weapon in southern Lebanon this
summer in the 34-day assault that cost more than 1,300 Lebanese lives,
most of them civilians?#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br #ed_cl#We know that the Israelis used American
"bunker-buster" bombs on Hizbollah's Beirut headquarters. We know that
they drenched southern Lebanon with cluster bombs in the last 72 hours
of the war, leaving tens of thousands of bomblets which are still
killing Lebanese civilians every week. And we now know - after it first
categorically denied using such munitions - that the Israeli army also
used phosphorous bombs, weapons which are supposed to be restricted
under the third protocol of the Geneva Conventions, which neither
Israel nor the United States have signed.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed _cl#But scientific
evidence gathered from at least two bomb craters in Khiam and At-Tiri,
the scene of fierce fighting between Hizbollah guerrillas and Israeli
troops last July and August, suggests that uranium-based munitions may
now also be included in Israel's weapons inventory - and were used
against targets in Lebanon. According to Dr Chris Busby, the British
Scientific Secretary of the European Committee on Radiation Risk, two
soil samples thrown up by Israeli heavy or guided bombs showed
"elevated radiation signatures". Both have been forwarded for further
examination to the Harwell laboratory in Oxfordshire for mass
spectrometry - used by the Ministry of Defence - which has confirmed
the concentration of uranium isotopes in the samples.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#e d_cl#Dr Busby's
initial report states that there are two possible reasons for the
contamination. "The first is that the weapon was some novel small
experimental nuclear fission device or other experimental weapon (eg, a
thermobaric weapon) based on the high temperature of a uranium
oxidation flash ... The second is that the weapon was a bunker-busting
conventional uranium penetrator weapon employing enriched uranium
rather than depleted uranium." A photograph of the explosion of the
first bomb shows large clouds of black smoke that might result from
burning uranium.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#e d_cl#Enriched uranium is produced from natural
uranium ore and is used as fuel for nuclear reactors. A waste productof
the enrichment process is depleted uranium, it is an extremely hard
metal used in anti-tank missiles for penetrating armour. Depleted
uranium is less radioactive than natural uranium, which is less
radioactive than enriched uranium.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#e d_cl#Israel has a poor reputation
for telling the truth about its use of weapons in Lebanon. In 1982, it
denied using phosphorous munitions on civilian areas - until
journalists discovered dying and dead civilians whose wounds caught
fire when exposed to air.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_cl #I saw two dead babies who, when taken
from a mortuary drawer in West Beirut during the Israeli siege of the
city, suddenly burst back into flames. Israel officially denied using
phosphorous again in Lebanon during the summer - except for "marking"
targets - even after civilians were photographed in Lebanese hospitals
with burn wounds consistent with phosphorous munitions.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br #ed_cl#Then on
Sunday, Israel suddenly admitted that it had not been telling the
truth. Jacob Edery, the Israeli minister in charge of
government-parliament relations, confirmed that phosphorous shells were
used in direct attacks against Hizbollah, adding that "according to
international law, the use of phosphorous munitions is authorised and
the (Israeli) army keeps to the rules of international norms".#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed _cl#Asked
by The Independent if the Israeli army had been using uranium-based
munitions in Lebanon this summer, Mark Regev, the Israeli Foreign
Ministry spokesman, said: "Israel does not use any weaponry which is
not authorised by international law or international conventions."
This, however, begs more questions than it answers. Much international
law does not cover modern uranium weapons because they were not
invented when humanitarian rules such as the Geneva Conventions were
drawn up and because Western governments still refuse to believe that
their use can cause long-term damage to the health of thousands of
civilians living in the area of the explosions.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#b r#ed_cl#American and
British forces used hundreds of tons of depleted uranium (DU) shells in
Iraq in 1991 - their hardened penetrator warheads manufactured from the
waste products of the nuclear industry - and five years later, a plague
of cancers emerged across the south of Iraq.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_c l#Initial US military
assessments warned of grave consequences for public health if such
weapons were used against armoured vehicles. But the US administration
and the British government later went out of their way to belittle
these claims. Yet the cancers continued to spread amid reports that
civilians in Bosnia - where DU was also used by Nato aircraft - were
suffering new forms of cancer. DU shells were again used in the 2003
Anglo-American invasion of Iraq but it is too early to register any
health effects.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#e d_cl#"When a uranium penetrator hits a hard target,
the particles of the explosion are very long-lived in the environment,"
Dr Busby said yesterday. "They spread over long distances. They can be
inhaled into the lungs. The military really seem to believe that this
stuff is not as dangerous as it is." Yet why would Israel use such a
weapon when its targets - in the case of Khiam, for example - were only
two miles from the Israeli border? The dust ignited by DU munitions can
be blown across international borders, just as the chlorine gas used in
attacks by both sides in the First World War often blew back on its
perpetrators.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op #br#ed_cl#Chris Bellamy, the professor of military science
and doctrine at Cranfield University, who has reviewed the Busby
report, said: "At worst it's some sort of experimental weapon with an
enriched uranium component the purpose of which we don't yet know. At
best - if you can say that - it shows a remarkably cavalier attitude to
the use of nuclear waste products."#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br #ed_cl#The soil sample from Khiam -
site of a notorious torture prison when Israel occupied southern
Lebanon between 1978 and 2000, and a frontline Hizbollah stronghold in
the summer war - was a piece of impacted red earth from an explosion;
the isotope ratio was 108, indicative of the presence of enriched
uranium. "The health effects on local civilian populations following
the use of large uranium penetrators and the large amounts of
respirable uranium oxide particles in the atmosphere," the Busby report
says, "are likely to be significant ... we recommend that the area is
examined for further traces of these weapons with a view to clean up."#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_cl #This
summer's Lebanon war began after Hizbollah guerrillas crossed the
Lebanese frontier into Israel, captured two Israeli soldiers and killed
three others, prompting Israel to unleash a massive bombardment of
Lebanon's villages, cities, bridges and civilian infrastructure. Human
rights groups have said that Israel committed war crimes when it
attacked civilians, but that Hizbollah was also guilty of such crimes
because it fired missiles into Israel which were also filled with
ball-bearings, turning their rockets into primitive one-time-only
cluster bombs.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_ cl#Many Lebanese, however, long ago concluded that
the latest Lebanon war was a weapons testing ground for the Americans
and Iranians, who respectively supply Israel and Hizbollah with
munitions. Just as Israel used hitherto-unproven US missiles in its
attacks, so the Iranians were able to test-fire a rocket which hit an
Israeli corvette off the Lebanese coast, killing four Israeli sailors
and almost sinking the vessel after it suffered a 15-hour on-board fire.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_c l#What
the weapons manufacturers make of the latest scientific findings of
potential uranium weapons use in southern Lebanon is not yet known. Nor
is their effect on civilians.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br #ed_cl#******************#ed_op#br# ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_cl# Chris Bellamy: An enigma that only the Israelis can fully explain#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed _cl#Published: 28 October 2006#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_cl ##ed_op#a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,thi s)" href="http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article1935931.ece" target="_blank"#ed_cl#http://news.independent.co.uk#ed_op#wbr#ed _cl#/world/middle_east/article1935#ed_op#wbr#ed_cl#931.ece #ed_op#/a#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#e d_cl#The
initial tests on samples taken from the site of the Israeli strike on
Khiam present an enigma which will only be solved when the people who
produced and deployed the weapon explain themselves. Speculation that
the device was some form of "dirty bomb" or micro-yield nuclear weapon
can probably be dismissed. The radiation levels and the amount of
Uranium-235 in the sample clearly indicate that it was not a nuclear
fission weapon.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed _cl#Uranium has been widely used in conventional
weapons - and on the battlefield - for the past 30 years, for three
reasons. Firstly, uranium is very dense - 70 per cent denser than lead.
Therefore, a smaller projectile delivers more kinetic energy, making it
ideal for armour-piercing shot. Secondly, it is pyrophoric, which means
that when slammed into a target at high speed it liquefies and ignites
spontaneously. Thirdly, the type of uranium most widely used in
weapons, depleted uranium (DU), is plentiful. It is a by-product of
uranium enrichment, which produces the fuel for nuclear power stations
and nuclear weapons. Because there is so much of it about, it makes
sense for those who have it to turn DU into armour-piercing munitions.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br #ed_cl#The
only logical military reason for the presence of traces of uranium, of
any kind, would be the use of that element to make a hard, dense
penetrator for an armour-piercing or "bunker-busting" device. Natural
uranium consists of three isotopes - Uranium-238 (99.27 per cent),
U-235 - the crucial component of fissionable material (0.72 per cent)
and U-234 (0.0054 per cent). To make the fuel for a nuclear reactor
this needs to be enriched to three or four per cent U-235, and the
resulting waste product, with only 0.25 per cent U-235 and 99.8 per
cent U-238, is DU. To make a bomb you would need up to 90 per cent
U-235 - hence the concern about Iran's uranium enrichment programme.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br #ed_cl#The
Khiam sample, with 108 parts U-238 to one of U-235 - just under one per
cent - is clearly enriched - but not much. So, in the absence of any
palpable military advantage, in terms of its mass and its ability to
generate heat and fire compared with DU or natural uranium, why was
this enigmatic material used? There are several possibilities. The
first is that there was a simple mistake - that uranium with an
elevated U-235 content was used instead of DU or natural uranium. The
Khiam sample was very small - 25 grams. Contamination with soil could
easily obscure a higher degree of enrichment. Spent nuclear fuel -
after the power has been generated - typically contains 2.5 per cent
U-235, but it can be as low as 1.5 per cent - close to the Khiam sample
level. So the uranium in the Khiam projectile could just have been
spent nuclear fuel.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_c l#One way to dispose of enriched uranium
safely is to blend it with natural uranium, in such a way that the
U-235 is extremely difficult to re-extract. That might well produce a
substance with just under one per cent U-235, which was a component of
the Israeli Khiam bomb.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_c l#It is also uncertain whether the
munition was made in the US or by the Israelis themselves. If the
Israelis or the Americans want to avoid accusations, at the very least,
of a cavalier attitude to the use of nuclear waste products, they need
to explain what was in that bomb and why it was there.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_ cl#Chris Bellamy is professor of military science and doctrine at Cranfield University#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#/div#ed_cl##ed_op#div style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op #span style="font-weight: bold;"#ed_cl#Montreal Muslim News Network - #ed_op#/span#ed_cl##ed_op#a style="font-weight: bold;" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,thi s)" href="http://www.montrealmuslimnews.net/" target="_blank"#ed_cl#http://www.montrealmuslimnews#ed_op#wbr#ed _cl#.net#ed_op#/a#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#/div#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#sp an style="font-size: larger;"#ed_cl##ed_op#/span#ed_cl##ed_op#/div#ed_cl##ed_op#/div#ed_cl#
Israel use a secret new uranium-based weapon in southern Lebanon this
summer in the 34-day assault that cost more than 1,300 Lebanese lives,
most of them civilians?#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br #ed_cl#We know that the Israelis used American
"bunker-buster" bombs on Hizbollah's Beirut headquarters. We know that
they drenched southern Lebanon with cluster bombs in the last 72 hours
of the war, leaving tens of thousands of bomblets which are still
killing Lebanese civilians every week. And we now know - after it first
categorically denied using such munitions - that the Israeli army also
used phosphorous bombs, weapons which are supposed to be restricted
under the third protocol of the Geneva Conventions, which neither
Israel nor the United States have signed.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed _cl#But scientific
evidence gathered from at least two bomb craters in Khiam and At-Tiri,
the scene of fierce fighting between Hizbollah guerrillas and Israeli
troops last July and August, suggests that uranium-based munitions may
now also be included in Israel's weapons inventory - and were used
against targets in Lebanon. According to Dr Chris Busby, the British
Scientific Secretary of the European Committee on Radiation Risk, two
soil samples thrown up by Israeli heavy or guided bombs showed
"elevated radiation signatures". Both have been forwarded for further
examination to the Harwell laboratory in Oxfordshire for mass
spectrometry - used by the Ministry of Defence - which has confirmed
the concentration of uranium isotopes in the samples.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#e d_cl#Dr Busby's
initial report states that there are two possible reasons for the
contamination. "The first is that the weapon was some novel small
experimental nuclear fission device or other experimental weapon (eg, a
thermobaric weapon) based on the high temperature of a uranium
oxidation flash ... The second is that the weapon was a bunker-busting
conventional uranium penetrator weapon employing enriched uranium
rather than depleted uranium." A photograph of the explosion of the
first bomb shows large clouds of black smoke that might result from
burning uranium.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#e d_cl#Enriched uranium is produced from natural
uranium ore and is used as fuel for nuclear reactors. A waste productof
the enrichment process is depleted uranium, it is an extremely hard
metal used in anti-tank missiles for penetrating armour. Depleted
uranium is less radioactive than natural uranium, which is less
radioactive than enriched uranium.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#e d_cl#Israel has a poor reputation
for telling the truth about its use of weapons in Lebanon. In 1982, it
denied using phosphorous munitions on civilian areas - until
journalists discovered dying and dead civilians whose wounds caught
fire when exposed to air.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_cl #I saw two dead babies who, when taken
from a mortuary drawer in West Beirut during the Israeli siege of the
city, suddenly burst back into flames. Israel officially denied using
phosphorous again in Lebanon during the summer - except for "marking"
targets - even after civilians were photographed in Lebanese hospitals
with burn wounds consistent with phosphorous munitions.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br #ed_cl#Then on
Sunday, Israel suddenly admitted that it had not been telling the
truth. Jacob Edery, the Israeli minister in charge of
government-parliament relations, confirmed that phosphorous shells were
used in direct attacks against Hizbollah, adding that "according to
international law, the use of phosphorous munitions is authorised and
the (Israeli) army keeps to the rules of international norms".#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed _cl#Asked
by The Independent if the Israeli army had been using uranium-based
munitions in Lebanon this summer, Mark Regev, the Israeli Foreign
Ministry spokesman, said: "Israel does not use any weaponry which is
not authorised by international law or international conventions."
This, however, begs more questions than it answers. Much international
law does not cover modern uranium weapons because they were not
invented when humanitarian rules such as the Geneva Conventions were
drawn up and because Western governments still refuse to believe that
their use can cause long-term damage to the health of thousands of
civilians living in the area of the explosions.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#b r#ed_cl#American and
British forces used hundreds of tons of depleted uranium (DU) shells in
Iraq in 1991 - their hardened penetrator warheads manufactured from the
waste products of the nuclear industry - and five years later, a plague
of cancers emerged across the south of Iraq.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_c l#Initial US military
assessments warned of grave consequences for public health if such
weapons were used against armoured vehicles. But the US administration
and the British government later went out of their way to belittle
these claims. Yet the cancers continued to spread amid reports that
civilians in Bosnia - where DU was also used by Nato aircraft - were
suffering new forms of cancer. DU shells were again used in the 2003
Anglo-American invasion of Iraq but it is too early to register any
health effects.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#e d_cl#"When a uranium penetrator hits a hard target,
the particles of the explosion are very long-lived in the environment,"
Dr Busby said yesterday. "They spread over long distances. They can be
inhaled into the lungs. The military really seem to believe that this
stuff is not as dangerous as it is." Yet why would Israel use such a
weapon when its targets - in the case of Khiam, for example - were only
two miles from the Israeli border? The dust ignited by DU munitions can
be blown across international borders, just as the chlorine gas used in
attacks by both sides in the First World War often blew back on its
perpetrators.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op #br#ed_cl#Chris Bellamy, the professor of military science
and doctrine at Cranfield University, who has reviewed the Busby
report, said: "At worst it's some sort of experimental weapon with an
enriched uranium component the purpose of which we don't yet know. At
best - if you can say that - it shows a remarkably cavalier attitude to
the use of nuclear waste products."#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br #ed_cl#The soil sample from Khiam -
site of a notorious torture prison when Israel occupied southern
Lebanon between 1978 and 2000, and a frontline Hizbollah stronghold in
the summer war - was a piece of impacted red earth from an explosion;
the isotope ratio was 108, indicative of the presence of enriched
uranium. "The health effects on local civilian populations following
the use of large uranium penetrators and the large amounts of
respirable uranium oxide particles in the atmosphere," the Busby report
says, "are likely to be significant ... we recommend that the area is
examined for further traces of these weapons with a view to clean up."#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_cl #This
summer's Lebanon war began after Hizbollah guerrillas crossed the
Lebanese frontier into Israel, captured two Israeli soldiers and killed
three others, prompting Israel to unleash a massive bombardment of
Lebanon's villages, cities, bridges and civilian infrastructure. Human
rights groups have said that Israel committed war crimes when it
attacked civilians, but that Hizbollah was also guilty of such crimes
because it fired missiles into Israel which were also filled with
ball-bearings, turning their rockets into primitive one-time-only
cluster bombs.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_ cl#Many Lebanese, however, long ago concluded that
the latest Lebanon war was a weapons testing ground for the Americans
and Iranians, who respectively supply Israel and Hizbollah with
munitions. Just as Israel used hitherto-unproven US missiles in its
attacks, so the Iranians were able to test-fire a rocket which hit an
Israeli corvette off the Lebanese coast, killing four Israeli sailors
and almost sinking the vessel after it suffered a 15-hour on-board fire.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_c l#What
the weapons manufacturers make of the latest scientific findings of
potential uranium weapons use in southern Lebanon is not yet known. Nor
is their effect on civilians.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br #ed_cl#******************#ed_op#br# ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_cl# Chris Bellamy: An enigma that only the Israelis can fully explain#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed _cl#Published: 28 October 2006#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_cl ##ed_op#a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,thi s)" href="http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article1935931.ece" target="_blank"#ed_cl#http://news.independent.co.uk#ed_op#wbr#ed _cl#/world/middle_east/article1935#ed_op#wbr#ed_cl#931.ece #ed_op#/a#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#e d_cl#The
initial tests on samples taken from the site of the Israeli strike on
Khiam present an enigma which will only be solved when the people who
produced and deployed the weapon explain themselves. Speculation that
the device was some form of "dirty bomb" or micro-yield nuclear weapon
can probably be dismissed. The radiation levels and the amount of
Uranium-235 in the sample clearly indicate that it was not a nuclear
fission weapon.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed _cl#Uranium has been widely used in conventional
weapons - and on the battlefield - for the past 30 years, for three
reasons. Firstly, uranium is very dense - 70 per cent denser than lead.
Therefore, a smaller projectile delivers more kinetic energy, making it
ideal for armour-piercing shot. Secondly, it is pyrophoric, which means
that when slammed into a target at high speed it liquefies and ignites
spontaneously. Thirdly, the type of uranium most widely used in
weapons, depleted uranium (DU), is plentiful. It is a by-product of
uranium enrichment, which produces the fuel for nuclear power stations
and nuclear weapons. Because there is so much of it about, it makes
sense for those who have it to turn DU into armour-piercing munitions.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br #ed_cl#The
only logical military reason for the presence of traces of uranium, of
any kind, would be the use of that element to make a hard, dense
penetrator for an armour-piercing or "bunker-busting" device. Natural
uranium consists of three isotopes - Uranium-238 (99.27 per cent),
U-235 - the crucial component of fissionable material (0.72 per cent)
and U-234 (0.0054 per cent). To make the fuel for a nuclear reactor
this needs to be enriched to three or four per cent U-235, and the
resulting waste product, with only 0.25 per cent U-235 and 99.8 per
cent U-238, is DU. To make a bomb you would need up to 90 per cent
U-235 - hence the concern about Iran's uranium enrichment programme.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br #ed_cl#The
Khiam sample, with 108 parts U-238 to one of U-235 - just under one per
cent - is clearly enriched - but not much. So, in the absence of any
palpable military advantage, in terms of its mass and its ability to
generate heat and fire compared with DU or natural uranium, why was
this enigmatic material used? There are several possibilities. The
first is that there was a simple mistake - that uranium with an
elevated U-235 content was used instead of DU or natural uranium. The
Khiam sample was very small - 25 grams. Contamination with soil could
easily obscure a higher degree of enrichment. Spent nuclear fuel -
after the power has been generated - typically contains 2.5 per cent
U-235, but it can be as low as 1.5 per cent - close to the Khiam sample
level. So the uranium in the Khiam projectile could just have been
spent nuclear fuel.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_c l#One way to dispose of enriched uranium
safely is to blend it with natural uranium, in such a way that the
U-235 is extremely difficult to re-extract. That might well produce a
substance with just under one per cent U-235, which was a component of
the Israeli Khiam bomb.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_c l#It is also uncertain whether the
munition was made in the US or by the Israelis themselves. If the
Israelis or the Americans want to avoid accusations, at the very least,
of a cavalier attitude to the use of nuclear waste products, they need
to explain what was in that bomb and why it was there.#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_ cl#Chris Bellamy is professor of military science and doctrine at Cranfield University#ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#/div#ed_cl##ed_op#div style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op #span style="font-weight: bold;"#ed_cl#Montreal Muslim News Network - #ed_op#/span#ed_cl##ed_op#a style="font-weight: bold;" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,thi s)" href="http://www.montrealmuslimnews.net/" target="_blank"#ed_cl#http://www.montrealmuslimnews#ed_op#wbr#ed _cl#.net#ed_op#/a#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#/div#ed_cl##ed_op#br#ed_cl##ed_op#sp an style="font-size: larger;"#ed_cl##ed_op#/span#ed_cl##ed_op#/div#ed_cl##ed_op#/div#ed_cl#